Hospitalizaciones en asma
Resumen
Los ingresos hospitalarios por asma siguen mostrando tendencia a aumentar en los últimos años, con diferencias significativas entre las distintas áreas geográficas, que también se observa en otros países aún de entornos socio-económicos similares. En cuanto a los episodios más graves, los denominados de riesgo vital, su incidencia parece estabilizada.
En población adulta predomina el sexo femenino, que supone alrededor de dos tercios del total de los ingresos hospitalarios, los pacientes de edad avanzada y el período de invierno.
En la evaluación del manejo de los pacientes con asma que requieren ingreso hospitalario serán especialmente útiles algunos indicadores como la duración del ingreso hospitalario, la mortalidad y los reingresos hospitalarios.
La estancia media de los ingresos hospitalarios por asma también muestra una variabilidad importante entre los diferentes estudios, aunque se han identificado algunos factores relacionados con estancias más prolongadas como el sexo femenino, las comorbilidades, la edad avanzada, haber presentado más agudizaciones previamente, algunos tratamientos o el ingreso durante el fin de semana.
La mortalidad durante el ingreso suele ser inferior al 1%, aunque aumenta claramente con la edad y la gravedad de la agudización.
Otro aspecto a considerar son los reingresos, que se si producen precozmente podrían estar relacionados con el manejo en el ingreso previo, pero si son más tardíos dependen más de las características de cada paciente.
En conclusión, los ingresos hospitalarios por asma siguen siendo eventos frecuentes, con manejo heterogéneo que parece sugerir la existencia de aspectos mejorables.
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